pemidanaan 2

pemidanaan 2

   Januari 26, 2024       mayatku

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aktiivitas, hubungan, status orang atau 

kepentingan  manusia ; 

2. Jurisdiction to enforce, yaitu kedaulatan negara untuk menerapkan atau 

melaksanakan hukum yang telah ditetapkan.  

3. Jurisdiction to adjudicate, yaitu kedaulatan negara untuk mengadili seseorang 

atau entities   melalui pengadilan dengan tujuan untuk menentukan telah 

terjadinya suatu  pelanggaran hukum. 

Dalam Jurisdiction to prescribe dari  negara, berkaitan dengan: 

       a) suatu perbuatan yang seluruhnya atau sebagian dilakukan dalam wilayah 

negara ini ; (b) status orang, atau kepentingan-kepentingan terjadi dalam 

wilayah negara ini ; (c) suatu perbuatan yang dilakukan di luar wilayah 

negara ini  yang mempunyai atau ditujukan untuk menimbulkan akibat 

pada  negara ini ; 

                                                 

       Aktivitas, kepentingan, status, dan hubungan yang dilakukan warga negara di 

luar wilayah  dipandang sama dengan di dalam wilayah negara ini ; 

       perbuatan tertentu yang dilakukan di luar wilayah negara oleh orang yang 

bukan warga negara secara langsung ditujukan pada  keamanan suatu negara 

atau kelompok terbatas dari kepentingan-kepentingan negara lain.8 

usaha  suatu negara untuk ikut menciptakan keamanan dan perdamaian dunia 

diantaranya yaitu  dengan ikut menanggulangi berbagai kejahatan internasional/ 

transnasional yang mengancam dan membahayakan warga  internasional 

berdasar  prinsip-prinsip jurisdiksi dan prinsip-prinsip hukum yang berlaku umum 

yang dalam penegakannya memerlukan kerjasama dengan negara lain dan termasuk 

dalam lingkup hukum internasional. 

B. Kedudukan Hukum Internasional dalam Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia 

Dalam hukum nasional, hukum internasional diakui sebagai salah satu sumber 

hukum, disamping sumber hukum lainnya seperti Undang-undang, doktrin, 

yurisprudensi, dan kebiasaan. Berkaitan dengan hal ini, dalam hubungan hukum 

internasional dengan hukum nasional telah melahirkan beberapa pandangan 

berkaitan dominasi hukum dari kedua bidang hukum ini , yaitu teori dualisme 

dan monisme yang terbagi dua : teori monisme dalam primat hukum nasional dan 

teori monisme dengan primat hukum internasional.  

Walaupun hukum internasional bukan merupakan bagian dari hukum nasional 

namun praktiknya dalam pembentukan hukum nasional hukum internasional 

menjadi sumber hukumnya, apalagi  negara ini  telah meratifikasi perjanjian 

internasionalnya.  Hukum internasional sebagai bagian dari keseluruhan hukum yang 

mengatur hidup manusia --sebagaimana hukum nasional--, dewasa ini dalam praktik 

internasional merupakan hukum yang ditaati dan hukum nasional tunduk pada 

hukum internasional yang berlaku. Berkaitan dengan hal ini , menurut Mochtar 

Kusumaatmadja dan Etty R. Agoes dengan melepaskan dari  masalah struktural 

organis,  pandangan paham monisme dengan primat hukum internasional lebih 

memuaskan.9 Tunduknya hukum nasional pada hukum internasional lebih 

didasarkan pada kebutuhan manusia untuk hidup secara teratur baik dalam 

negaranya maupun yang melintasi batas negara (internasional). berdasar  

Konvensi Wina 1969 Article 27 suatu negara tidak boleh menjadikan hukum 

nasional sebagai alasan untuk tidak mematuhi perjanjian internasional. 

Dalam Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional Tahun 2005-2025, 

pembangunan hukum di Indonesia yang merupakan prioritas  meliputi  

pembangunan substansi hukum, struktur hukum termasuk aparat hukum, sarana dan 

prasarana hukum, serta kesadaran dan budaya hukum warga .  Pembangunan 

hukum dilaksanakan melalui pembaruan hukum dengan tetap memperhatikan 

kemajemukan tatanan hukum yang berlaku dan pengaruh globalisasi  sebagai usaha  

pemerintah untuk meningkatkan kepastian hukum,  perlindungan hukum, penegakan 

                                                 

hukum dan HAM, kesadaran hukum, serta pelayanan hukum yang berintikan  

keadilan dan kebenaran, ketertiban, dan kesejahteraan dalam rangka 

penyelenggaraan negara yang makin tertib dan teratur sehingga  pembangunan 

nasional berjalan lancar.10  Pembaruan produk hukum diarahkan untuk 

menggantikan peraturan perundang-undangan warisan kolonial agar sesuai dengan 

nilai-nilai sosial, kepentingan warga  Indonesia dan mendorong tumbuhnya 

kreativitas serta melibatkan warga  untuk mendukung pelaksanaan 

penyelenggaraan pemerintahan dan pembangunan nasional.   

Dalam Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional salah satu 

permasalahan pembangunan nasional yang terkait dengan hukum internasional 

yaitu  meningkatnya kejahatan transnasional seperti penyelundupan, narkotika, 

pencucian uang dan terorisme. Oleh sebab  itu salah satu prioritas dalam 

pembangunan nasional yaitu  peningkatan keamanan, ketertiban, dan 

penanggulangan kriminalitas dengan menegakkan hukum dengan tegas, adil, dan 

tidak diskriminatif; meningkatkan kemampuan lembaga keamanan negara; 

meningkatkan peran serta nasyarakat untuk mencegah kriminalitas, ganggungan 

keamanan dan ketertiban; mencegah dan menanggulangi penggunaan dan 

penyebaran narkoba secara ilegal; meningkatkan kesadaran hukum warga ; dan 

memperkuat kerjasama internasional untuk memerangi kriminalitas dan kejahatan 

lintas negara. Dalam hal ini terkandung makna perlu dilakukannya harmonisasi 

hukum nasional dengan hukum internasional, sehingga kerjasama internasional 

dalam penegakan hukum ini  dapat efektif. Dalam hukum pidana internasional 

ada  prinsip double/dual criminality berkaitan dengan kerjasama internasional 

dalam penegakan hukum pada  tindak pidana internasional/transnasional. Kriteria 

suatu tindak pidana merupakan tindak pidana internasional :  

1. Unsur internasional  

Suatu tindak pidana yang secara langsung atau tidak langsung mengancam 

keamanan dan perdamaian dunia serta mengguncang rasa kemanusiaan 

(direct/indirect threat to world peace and security and shocking to the conscience 

of humanity). 

2. Unsur transnasional 

Tindak pidana ini  menimbulkan  akibat pada lebih dari satu Negara; 

dilakukan atau menimbulkan akibat pada warga negara lebih dari satu Negara; 

dan memakai  sarana atau metode yang melewati batas-batas Negara. 

3. Unsur necessity   

Adanya kebutuhan pentingnya dilakukan kerjasama antar negara untuk 

penegakan hukum 

4. Bassiouni menambahkan unsur tingkat keseriusan dari tindak pidana. 

                                                

Dalam era globalisasi pembangunan hukum nasional tidak dapat mengabaikan 

perkembangan dalam dunia internasional. Menurut Sunarjati Hartono dalam 

pembangunan hukum nasional harus diperhatikan keserasian antara falsafah dan 

kebutuhan negara, bangsa, dan warga  dengan norma-norma hukum 

internasional yang diakui sah oleh bangsa-bangsa di dunia.12 Sejalan dengan 

pandangan ini , menurut  Muladi dalam konteks alasan pembaharuan hukum 

pidana nasional disamping   didasarkan pada alasan-alasan politis, sosiologis, dan 

praktis juga didasarkan pada alasan adaptif dalam arti harus menyesuaikan diri 

dengan perkembangan-perkembangan baru, khususnya perkembangan 

internasional yang sudah disepakati oleh warga  beradab.13  

Dalam mengadopsi kaidah-kaidah hukum internasional ke dalam hukum nasional 

diprioritaskan yang berkaitan dengan masalah-masalah hukum yang bersifat 

netral dan tidak sensitif dengan nilai-nilai yang berlaku dalam warga  

Indonesia untuk mencegah terjadinya kontradiksi dalam warga  yang pada 

akhirnya akan bertentangan dengan tujuan hukumnya. 

Implementasi prinsip-prinsip dan kaidah-kaidah hukum internasional dalam 

hukum nasional, terutama dalam bidang hukum pidana harus dilakukan secara 

hati-hati dan selektif tidak hanya mempertimbangkan sifat dan dampak  dari 

tindak pidana internasional ini  namun  juga dengan mempertimbangkan hal-

hal berikut : 

1. Nilai-nilai yang berlaku dalam warga  Indonesia; 

2. Prinsip-prinsip dan sistem hukum pidana Indonesia; 

3. Kemampuan dan kesiapan aparat penegak hukum; 

4. Kedudukan negara Indonesia sebagai negara yang berdaulat; 

5. Kepentingan nasional lainnya dalam kerangka menghindari intervensi 

kepentingan-kepentingan asing.   

Dalam praktik pembangunan hukum nasional, khususnya pembangunan substansi 

hukum,     hukum internasional  mempunyai kedudukan dan pengaruh yang relatif 

penting. Pembentukan peraturan perundang-undangan nasional yang didasarkan 

pada hukum internasional antara lain: Undang-undang Narkotika, Psikotropika, 

Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang, Hak Asasi Manusia, Pengadilan HAM, Tindak 

Pidana Perdagangan Orang, Perlindungan Anak, Undang-undang di bidang Hak 

Kekayaan Inteletual, dan seterusnya. Pembentukan perundangan-undangan 

ini  didasarkan pada ketentuan-ketentuan dalam perjanjian internasional baik 

yang diratifikasi maupun tidak. 

Demikian juga dengan implementasi putusan-putusan mahkamah pidana 

internasional (international tribunal) dalam praktik peradilan pidana nasional 

harus dilakukan secara hati-hati dan memperhatikan prinsip-prinsip dan kaidah  kaidah hukum positif yang berlaku. Putusan mahkamah pidana internasional 

bukan merupakan dasar hukum dalam proses peradilan pidana nasional.  

 

C. Pengaruh Hukum Pidana Internasional pada  Hukum Pidana Indonesia 

1.   Hubungan Hukum Internasional dan Hukum Pidana Nasional 

Dalam abad ini hukum internasional telah menunjukkan peran yang relatif 

penting   dalam mengatur hubungan antar subjek hukum internasional baik 

antara negara dengan negara, negara dengan subjek hukum internasional bukan 

negara  maupun antar  subjek hukum internasional bukan negara.14 Hal ini  

berkaitan dengan meningkatnya hubungan-hubungan antar subjek hukum 

internasional dan interdependensi dalam usaha  menanggulangi berbagai 

masalah internasional yang dihadapi negara-negara didunia. Terlebih lagi dalam 

era teknologi transportasi, informasi dan komunikasi semakin memudahkan 

subjek hukum internasional untuk melakukan hubungan-hubungan diantara 

mereka. Saat ini hubungan-hubungan internasional ini  tidak lagi 

menyandarkan pada proses kebiasaan internasional (customary international 

law) yang relatif lambat dalam pembentukan kaidah hukum internasional namun  

pada perjanjian internasional seperti traktat, konvensi, atau bentuk lainnya, dan 

keputusan-keputusan Pengadilan Internasional seperti  Mahkamah Internasional 

Permanen (Permanent Court of International Justice), Mahkamah Internasional 

(International Court of Justice), dan Mahkamah Arbitrase Permanen 

(Permanent Court of Arbitration)  yang walaupun tidak mempunyai kekuatan 

mengikat namun mempunyai pengaruh besar dalam perkembangan hukum 

internasional. 15   

Demikian pula halnya dengan hukum pidana internasional yang merupakan 

perpaduan antara hukum internasional   dan hukum pidana.16 Sejalan dengan 

meningkatnya  kejahatan-kejahatan yang bersifat internasional atau 

transnasional hukum pidana internasional juga berkembang semakin pesat dan 

dalam era globalisasi telah menunjukkan peran yang sangat signifikan dalam 

usaha  penanggulangan kejahatan-kejahatan yang mengancam keamanan dan 

perdamaian dunia. Dalam perkembangan akhir-akhir ini sumber-sumber hukum 

pidana internasional,  seperti  perjanjian internasional (treaties) dan 

keputusan Pengadilan Internasional (the decision of international court) telah 

banyak membentuk kaidah-kaidah hukum pidana internasional dan 

mempengaruhi perkembangan hukum pidana nasional.  Berbagai perjanjian 

internasional ini  antara lain : Deklarasi Hak Asasi Manusia, Kovenan Hak 

Sipil dan Politik, Konvensi Hak Anak, Konvensi tentang Narkotika dan 

Psikotropika, Konvensi tantang Genosida, Konvensi tentang Hijacking, 

Konvensi tentang Terorisme, Konvensi tentang Korupsi, Konvensi tentang 

Kejahatan Transnasional Terorganisasi, Statuta Roma, dll.  sedang  putusan 

Pengadilan Internasional antara lain : International Military Tribunal at 

Nuremberg, International Military Tribunal for the Far East (Tokyo), 

International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia, International Criminal 

Tribunal for Rwanda, dll. 

Persetujuan suatu Negara untuk mengikatkan diri pada suatu perjanjian 

internasional dapat dilakukan dengan penandatanganan, ratifikasi, pernyataan 

turut serta atau aksesi (accession) atau penerimaan (acceptance).19 Suatu negara 

dapat mengikatkan diri dengan penandatanganan perjanjian tanpa ratifikasi bila 

negara-negara peserta sepakat bahwa perjanjian ini  berlaku sesudah  

ditandatangani tanpa menunggu ratifikasi dan dinyatakan demikian dalam 

perjanjian ini . Adakalanya persetujuan mengikatkan diri pada  suatu  

perjanjian internasional dengan penandatanganan ini  masih memerlukan 

pengesahan atau ratifikasi dari badan yang berwenang di negaranya, seperti 

dalam Konvensi Palermo tentang Transnasional Organized Crime dimana 

Indonesia ikut menandatangani Konvensi ini  dan 2 dari 3 protokolnya 

yaitu mengenai Smuggling Migrants dan Trafficking in Person, namun untuk 

pemberlakuannya masih harus dilakukan  ratifikasi. Suatu negara juga dapat  

meratifikasi atau mengaksesi suatu perjanjian internasional walaupun tidak ikut 

menandatangani perjanjian ini .  

Untuk perjanjian internasional di bidang hukum pidana internasional 

persetujuan mengikatkan diri suatu negara sebaiknya dilakukan dengan 

ratifikasi dan perlu dibentuk undang-undang pelaksanaannya (implementing 

legislation) sebab  akan berkaitan dengan perlindungan hukum pada  

kepentingan-kepentingan hukum di negara ini . Berkaitan dengan hal ini 

menurut Mochtar Kusumaatmadja pengundangan dalam undang-undang 

nasional mutlak diperlukan bila  diperlukan perubahan undang-undang 

nasional yang langsung menyangkut hak warga negara. Misalnya bila  turut sertanya Indonesia pada suatu konvensi memicu  bahwa suatu perbuatan 

menjadi suatu tindak pidana (kriminalisasi) yang sebelumnya bukan merupakan 

tindak pidana atau ada perubahan mengenai sanksi pidananya.20 

Dalam Pasal 9 ayat (2) UNDANG-UNDANG No. 24 Tahun 2000 tentang 

Perjanjian Internasional ratifikasi atau pengesahan perjanjian internasional 

dilakukan dengan Undang-undang atau Keputusan Presiden.  Perjanjian 

internasional yang pengesahannya dilakukan dengan undang-undang yaitu  

perjanjian internasional mengenai   : 

a. masalah politik, perdamaian, pertahanan, dan keamanan negara; 

b. perubahan wilayah atau penetapan batas wilayah negara Republik 

Indonesia; 

c. kedaulatan atau hak berdaulat negara; 

d. hak asasi manusia dan lingkungan hidup; 

e. pembentukan kaidah hukum baru; 

f. pinjaman dan/atau hibah luar negeri. 

Perjanjian internasional dengan materi yang tidak termasuk ini  di atas 

pengesahannya dilakukan dengan Keputusan Presiden. berdasar  ketentuan 

ini  ratifikasi perjanjian internasional yang dilakukan negara Indonesia ada 

yang dilakukan oleh badan eksekutif dan sistem campuran, yaitu badan 

eksekutif dan legislatif. 

2. Pengaruh Hukum Pidana Internasional pada  Politik Hukum Pidana 

dan Pemidanaan dalam Hukum Pidana Nasional Indonesia 

Perjanjian internasional yang mengatur tindak pidana internasional relatif 

banyak mempengaruhi pembentukan hukum pidana nasional, baik dengan 

meratifikasi perjanjian internasionalnya maupun dengan mengadopsi prinsip-

prinsip atau kaidah-kaidah hukum yang diatur dalam perjanjian internasional 

ini . Hal ini dapat dilihat dari Undang-undang atau Keputusan Presiden 

yang mengatur tentang pengesahan suatu perjanjian internasional, konsiderans  

atau Penjelasan Umum dari suatu Undang-Undang atau dari kaidah-kaidah 

hokum yang dirumuskan dalam Undang-Undang.  

Dalam perundang-undangan hukum pidana Indonesia pengaruh hukum pidana 

internasional nyata dengan jelas baik dalam undang-undang atau Keppres 

ratifikasi maupun dalam prinsip-prinsip atau kaidah-kaidah hukum yang diatur 

dalam perundang-undangan hukum pidana. Berikut perundang-undangan 

hukum pidana nasional yang dibentuk sebagai Undang-Undang pelaksana 

(implementing legislation) dari ratifikasi perjanjian internasional atau yang 

dibentuk dengan mendasarkan pada suatu perjanjian internasional, walaupun 

perjanjian internasional ini  tidak diratifikasi :  

a) Undang-undang No.4 Tahun 1976 tentang Perubahan dan Penambahan 

beberapa Pasal dalam KUHP Bertalian dengan Perluasan Berlakunya 

                                                 

     

Ketentuan Perundang-undangan Pidana Kejahatan Penerbangan dan 

Kejahatan pada  Sarana/Prasarana Penerbangan. 

Undang-undang No. 4 Tahun 1976 merupakan Undang-Undang pelaksana 

dari Undang-undang No. 2 Tahun 1976 tentang Pengesahan Konvensi 

Tokyo 1963, Konvensi The Hague 1970 dan Konvensi Montreal 1971 

sebagaimana dinyatakan dalam konsiderans mengingat angka 4. Kaidah-

kaidah hukum dalam Konvensi-konvensi ini  yang berkaitan dengan 

pembentukan Undang-undang kejahatan penerbangan yaitu  : 

a.   Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board 

Aircraft (Tokyo Convention 1963) 

Chapter I Scope of the Convention 

Article 1  

This Convention shall apply in respect of: offences against penal law; 

acts which, whether or not they are offences, may or do jeopardize the 

safety of the aircraft or of persons or property therein or which 

jeopardize good order and discipline on board. Except as provided in 

Chapter III, this Convention shall apply in respect of offences 

committed or acts done by a person on board any aircraft registered in a 

Contracting State, while that aircraft is in flight or on the surface of the 

high seas or of any other area outside the territory of any State. For the 

purposes of this Convention, an aircraft is considered to be in flight 

from the moment when power is applied for the purpose of take- off 

until the moment when the landing run ends. This Convention shall not 

apply to aircraft used in military, customs or police services. 

Article 2  

Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 4 and except when the 

safety of the aircraft or of persons or property on board so requires, no 

provision of this Convention shall be interpreted as authorizing or 

requiring any action in respect of offences against penal laws of a 

political nature or those based on racial or religious discrimination.  

Capter  II Jurisdiction  

Article 3  

The State of registration of the aircraft is competent to exercise 

jurisdiction over offences and acts committed on board. Each 

Contracting State shall take such measures as may be necessary to 

establish its jurisdiction as the State of registration over offences 

committed on board aircraft registered in such State. This Convention 

does not exclude any criminal jurisdiction exercised in accordance with 

national law.  

Article 4  

 

A Contracting State which is not the State of registration may not 

interfere with an aircraft in flight in order to exercise its criminal 

jurisdiction over an offence committed on board except in the following 

cases: the offence has effect on the territory of such State; the offence 

has been committed by or against a national or permanent resident of 

such State; the offence is against the security of such State; the offence 

consists of a breach of any rules or regulations relating to the flight or 

manoeuvre of aircraft in force in such State; the exercise of jurisdiction 

is necessary to ensure the observance of any obligation of such State 

under a multilateral international agreement.  

b.  Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (The 

Hague Convention 1970 

Article 1 

Any person who on board an aircraft in flight: 

a. unlawfully, by force or threat thereof, or by any other form of 

intimidation, seizes, or exercises control of, that aircraft, or attempts 

to perform any such act, or  

b. is an accomplice of a person who performs or attempts to perform 

any such act commits an offence (hereinafter referred to as "the 

offence").  

 

 

Article 2 

Each Contracting State undertakes to make the offence punishable by 

severe penalties. 

Article 4 

1. Each Contracting State shall take such measures as may be 

necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offence and any other 

act of violence against passengers or crew committed by the alleged 

offender in connection with the offence, in the following cases:  

a. when the offence is committed on board an aircraft registered in 

that State;  

b. when the aircraft on board which the offence is committed lands 

in its territory with the alleged offender still on board;  

c. when the offence is committed on board an aircraft leased 

without crew to a lessee who has his principal place of business 

or, if the lessee has no such place of business, his permanent 

residence, in that State.  

2. Each Contracting State shall likewise take such measures as may be 

necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offence in the case 

 

where the alleged offender is present in its territory and it does not 

extradite him pursuant to Article 8 to any of the States mentioned in 

paragraph 1 of this Article.  

3. This Convention does not exclude any criminal jurisdiction 

exercised in accordance with national law.  

 Article 6 paragraph 1 

Upon being satisfied that the circumstances so warrant, any Contracting 

State in the territory of which the offender or the alleged offender is 

present, shall take him into custody or take other measures to ensure his 

presence. The custody and other measures shall be as provided in the 

law of that State but may only be continued for such time as is 

necessary to enable any criminal or extradition proceedings to be 

instituted.  

Article 7 

The Contracting State in the territory of which the alleged offender is 

found shall, if it does not extradite him, be obliged, without exception 

whatsoever and whether or not the offence was committed in its 

territory, to submit the case to its competent authorities for the purpose 

of prosecution. Those authorities shall take their decision in the same 

manner as in the case of any ordinary offence of a serious nature under 

the law of that State. 

 

 

Article 8 

1. The offence shall be deemed to be included as an extraditable 

offence in any extradition treaty existing between Contracting 

States. Contracting States undertake to include the offence as an 

extraditable offence in every extradition treaty to be concluded 

between them.  

2. If a Contracting State which makes extradition conditional on the 

existence of a treaty receives a request for extradition from another 

Contracting State with which it has no extradition treaty, it may at 

its option consider this Convention as the legal basis for extradition 

in respect of the offence. Extradition shall be subject to the other 

conditions provided by the law of the requested State.  

3. Contracting States which do not make extradition conditional on the 

existence of a treaty shall recognize the offence as an extraditable 

offence between themselves subject to the conditions provided by 

the law of the requested State.  

4. The offence shall be treated, for the purpose of extradition between 

Contracting States, as if it had been committed not only in the place 

 

in which it occurred but also in the territories of the States required 

to establish their jurisdiction in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 

1.  

Article 10 

1. Contracting States shall afford one another the greatest measure of 

assistance in connection with criminal proceedings brought in 

respect of the offence and other acts mentioned in Article 4. The law 

of the State requested shall apply in all cases.  

2. The provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall not affect 

obligations under any other treaty, bilateral or multilateral, which 

governs or will govern, in whole or in part, mutual assistance in 

criminal matters.  

c.  Convention for The Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of 

Civil Aviation (Montreal Convention 1971)   

Article 1 

1. Any person commits an offence if he unlawfully and intentionally: 

(a) performs an act of violence against a person on board an aircraft 

in flight if that act is likely to endanger the safety of that aircraft; or 

(b) destroys an aircraft in service or causes damage to such an 

aircraft which renders it incapable of flight or which is likely to 

endanger its safety in flight; or (c) places or causes to be placed on 

an aircraft in service, by any means whatsoever, a device or 

substance which is likely to destroy that aircraft, or to cause damage 

to it which renders it incapable of flight, or to cause damage to it 

which is likely to endanger its safety in flight; or (d) destroys or 

damages air navigation facilities or interferes with their operation, if 

any such act is likely to endanger the safety of aircraft in flight; or 

(e) communicates information which he knows to be false, thereby 

endangering the safety of an aircraft in flight. 

2.   Any person also commits an offence if he: 

(a) attempts to commit any of the offences mentioned in paragraph 1 

of this Article; or (b) is an accomplice of a person who commits or 

attempts to commit any such offence 

Article 5 

1.  Each Contracting State shall take such measures as may be necessary 

to establish its jurisdiction over the offences in the following cases: 

(a) when the offence is committed in the territory of that State; (b) 

when the offence is committed against or on board an aircraft 

registered in that State; (c) when the aircraft on board which the 

offence is committed lands in its territory with the alleged offender 

still on board; (d) when the offence is committed against or on board 

 

an aircraft leased without crew to a lessee who has his principal 

place of business or, if the lessee has no such place of business, his 

permanent residence, in that State. 

2.  Each Contracting State shall likewise take such measures as may be 

necessary to establish its jurisdiction over the offences mentioned in 

Article 1, paragraph 1 (a), (b) and (c), and in Article 1, paragraph 2, 

in so far as that paragraph relates to those offences, in the case 

where the alleged offender is present in its territory and it does not 

extradite him pursuant to Article 8 to any of the States mentioned in 

paragraph 1 of this Article. 

3. This Convention does not exclude any criminal jurisdiction exercised 

in accordance with national law. 

Article 6 Paragraph 1 

Upon being satisfied that the circumstances so warrant, any Contracting 

State in the territory of which the offender or the alleged offender is 

present, shall take him into custody or take other measures to ensure his 

presence. The custody and other measures shall be as provided in the 

law of that State but may only be continued for such time as is 

necessary to enable any criminal or extradition proceedings to be 

instituted. 

Article 7 

The Contracting State in the territory of which the alleged offender is 

found shall, if it does not extradite him, be obliged, without exception 

whatsoever and whether or not the offence was committed in its 

territory, to submit the case to its competent authorities for the purpose 

of prosecution. Those authorities shall take their decision in the same 

manner as in the case of any ordinary offence of a serious nature under 

the law of that State. 

Article 8 

1. The offences shall be deemed to be included as extraditable offences 

in any extradition treaty existing between Contracting States. 

Contracting States undertake to include the offences as extraditable 

offences in every extradition treaty to be concluded between them. 

2. If a Contracting State which makes extradition conditional on the 

existence of a treaty receives a request for extradition from another 

Contracting State with which it has no extradition treaty, it may at 

its option consider this Convention as the legal basis for extradition 

in respect of the offences. Extradition shall be subject to the other 

conditions provided by the law of the requested State. 

3. Contracting States which do not make extradition conditional on the 

existence of a treaty shall recognize the offences as extraditable 

 

offences between themselves subject to the conditions provided by 

the law of the requested State. 

4. Each of the offences shall be treated, for the purpose of extradition 

between Contracting States, as if it had been committed not only in 

the place in which it occurred but also in the territories of the States 

required to establish their jurisdiction in accordance with Article 5, 

paragraph 1 (b), (c) and (d). 

Article 9 

The Contracting States which establish joint air transport operating 

organizations or international operating agencies, which operate aircraft 

which are subject to joint or international registration shall, by 

appropriate means, designate for each aircraft the State among them 

which shall exercise the jurisdiction and have the attributes of the State 

of registration for the purpose of this Convention and shall give notice 

thereof to the International Civil Aviation Organization which shall 

communicate the notice to all States Parties to this Convention. 

Article 11 

1. Contracting States shall afford one another the greatest measure of 

assistance in connection with criminal proceedings brought in 

respect of the offences. The law of the State requested shall apply in 

all cases. 

2.  The provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall not affect 

obligations under any other treaty, bilateral or multilateral, which 

governs or will govern, in whole or in part, mutual assistance in 

criminal matters. 

 

Dengan berdasar  Konvensi-Konvensi ini  dalam Undang-undang  

No. 4 Tahun 1976  diatur ketentuan-ketentuan sebagai berikut : 

a. Perluasan prinsip jurisdiksi teritorial yang diatur dalam Pasal 3 KUHP 

meliputi kedaraan air atau pesawat udara Indonesia. 

b. Perluasan prinsip jurisdiksi perlindungan yang diatur dalam Pasal 4 

angka 4 KUHP meliputi pembajakan kapal di laut dan pembajakan 

pesawat udara.   

c. Penambahan ketentuan Pasal 95 KUHP dengan Pasal 95 a mengenai 

pengertian pesawat udara, Pasal 95 b mengenai pengertian dalam 

penerbangan, dan Pasal 95 c mengenai pengertian dalam dinas. 

d. Penambahan Bab XXIX A tentang Kejahatan Penerbangan dan 

Kejahatan pada  Sarana/Prasarana Penerbangan (Pasal 479a-479r). 

b) Undang-undang No. 15 Tahun 2002 tentang Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang 

jo. Undang-undang No. 25 Tahun 2003 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-

undang No. 15 Tahun 2002 tentang Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang. 

 

Dalam konsiderans menimbang dan mengingat Undang-undang Tindak 

Pidana Pencucian Uang tidak ada rumusan yang menyatakan bahwa 

pembentukan Undang-undang ini  berkaitan dengan ratifikasi suatu 

perjanjian internasional. Namun demikian tidak berarti bahwa pembentukan 

Undang-undang Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang tidak terkait dengan  suatu   

perjanjian internasional. Perkembangan pengaturan money laundering tidak 

terlepas dari perjanjian internasional yang terkait dengan masalah ini . 

Para pakar hukum pidana berpandangan bahwa masalah money laundering 

berkaitan dengan United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in 

Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988 (Konvensi Perserikatan 

Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Pemberantasan Peredaran gelap Narkotika dan 

Psikotropika, 1988), yaitu mengenai tindak pidana asal (predicate crime) dari 

tindak pidana pencucian uang, yang awal mulanya berasal dari tindak pidana 

narkotika. Dalam United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in 

Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988 dirumuskan beberapa 

ketentuan khususnya berkaitan dengan tahapan proses money laundering 

yang meliputi tahapan : placement (penempatan), layering (transfer), dan 

integration (penggunaan kekayaan), yaitu Article 3 tentang Offences and 

Sanctions ayat 1 huruf (b) dan (c), sebagai berikut : 

(1)  Each Party shall adopt Duch measures as may be necessary to establish 

as criminal offences Ander its domestic law, when committed 

intentionally : 

(b) (i) The confersion or transfer of property, knowing that Duch property is 

derived from any offence or offences established in accordance with 

subparagraph (a) of this paragraph, or from an act of participation in 

such offence or offences, for the purpose of concealing or disguising 

the illicit origin of the property or of  assisting any person who is 

involved in the commission of such an offence or offences to evade 

the legal consequences of his actions; 

      (ii)The concealment or disguise of the true nature, source, location, 

disposition, movement, rights with respect to, or ownership of 

property, knowing that such property is derived from an offence or 

offences established in aoccordance with subparagraph (a) of this 

paragraph or from an act of participation in such an offence or 

offences; 

(c) (i) The acquisition, possession, or use of proverty, knowing, at the time 

receipt, that such property was derived from an offence or offences 

established in accordance with subparagraph (a) of this paragraph or 

from an act of participation in such an offence or offences. 

     (iv) Participation in, association or conspiracy to commit, attempts to 

commit and aiding, abetting, facilitating and counseling the 

commission of any of the offences established in accordance with 

this article. 

 

Walaupun dalam Undang-undang Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang tidak 

menunjuk pada UN Convention ini , namun dari substansinya (tindak 

pidananya) terkait dengan Konvensi Menentang Peredaran Gelap Narkotika 

dan Psikotropika ini , yang telah diratifikasi melalui Undang-undang 

No. 7 Tahun 1997 tentang Pengesahan Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-

Bangsa tentang Pemberantasan Peredaran gelap Narkotika dan 

Psikotropika, 1988 (United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in 

Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988). Dengan demikian 

maka  Undang-undang Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang  juga termasuk 

Undang-undang pelaksana dari Konvensi ini , khususnya Article 3 ayat 

1 huruf (b) dan (c).  

Disamping terkait dengan United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic 

in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988 pembentukan 

Undang-undang Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang juga terkait  dengan 

konvensi lain, khususnya mengenai   predicate crime dari money laundering 

seperti tindak pidana korupsi, penyelundupan orang (smuggling migrant), 

perdagangan manusia (trafficking in person), perdagangan gelap senjata api, 

terorisme, dll., sebagaimana dirumuskan dalam Penjelasan Umum, 

walaupun tidak dinyatakan  secara tegas perjanjian internasionalnya. Tindak 

pidana-tindak pidana ini  merupakan rationae  materiae  dari Palermo 

Convention 2000 (United Nations Convention against Transnational 

Organized Crime) dengan 3 protokolnya dan Konvensi-konvensi tentang 

Terorisme. Dalam Palermo Convention 2000, rationae materiae-nya yaitu  

tindak pidana korupsi dan tindak pidana pencucian uang, sedang  3 

protokolnya yaitu  : Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking 

in Person, Especially Woman and Children, Protocol against Smuggling of 

Migrants by Land, Sea, and Air, dan Protocol against the Illicit 

Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms. Pemerintah Indonesia sudah 

menandatangani   Konvensi Palermo beserta Protokolnya   kecuali Protokol 

mengenai perakitan dan perdagangan gelap senjata api, namun sampai saat 

ini belum meratifikasinya.   Beberapa ketentuan dalam Palermo Convention 

2000 yang mengatur tindak pidana pencucian uang yaitu  : 

a. Pengertian (Article 1 Statement of  purpose) : 

(e) “Proceeds of crime” shall mean any property derived from or 

obtained, directly or indirectly, through the commission of an 

offence; 

(h) “Predicate offence” shall mean any offence as a result of which 

proceeds have been generated that may become the subject of an 

offence as defined in article 6 of this Convention; 

b. Kriminalisasi Pencucian Uang Hasil Kejahatan (Article 6 

Criminalization of the laundering of proceeds of crime) : 

Article 6 

(1) Each State Party shall adopt, in accordance with fundamental 

principles of its domestic law, such legislative and other measures as

may be necessary to establish as criminal offences, when committed 

intentionally: 

(a) (i) The conversion or transfer of property, knowing that such 

property is the proceeds of crime, for the purpose of concealing 

or disguising the illicit origin of the property or of helping any 

person who is involved in the commission of the predicate 

offence to evade the legal consequences of his or her action; 

(ii) The concealment or disguise of the true nature, source, 

location, disposition, movement or ownership of or rights with 

respect to property, knowing that such property is the proceeds 

of crime; 

(b) Subject to the basic concepts of its legal system:  

(i)The acquisition, possession or use of property, knowing, at the 

time of receipt, that such property is the proceeds of crime; 

(ii) Participation in, association with or conspiracy to commit, 

attempts to commit and aiding, abetting, facilitating and 

counselling the commission of any of the offences established in 

accordance with this article. 

(2) For purposes of implementing or applying paragraph 1 of this 

article: 

(a) Each State Party shall seek to apply paragraph 1 of this article to 

the widest range of predicate offences; 

(b) Each State Party shall include as predicate offences all serious 

crime as defined in article 2 of this Convention and the offences 

established in accordance with articles 5, 8 and 23 of this 

Convention. In the case of States Parties whose legislation sets 

out a list of specific predicate offences, they shall, at a 

minimum, include in such list a comprehensive range of 

offences associated with organized criminal groups;  

(c) For the purposes of subparagraph (b), predicate offences shall 

include offences committed both within and outside the 

jurisdiction of the State Party in question. However, offences 

committed outside the jurisdiction of a State Party shall 

constitute predicate offences only when the relevant conduct is a 

criminal offence under the domestic law of the State where it is 

committed and would be a criminal offence under the domestic 

law of the State Party implementing or applying this article had 

it been committed there; 

(d) Each State Party shall furnish copies of its laws that give effect 

to this article and of any subsequent changes to such laws or a 

description thereof to the Secretary-General of the United 

Nations; 

 

(e) If required by fundamental principles of the domestic law of a 

State Party, it may be provided that the offences set forth in 

paragraph 1 of this article do not apply to the persons who 

committed the predicate offence; 

(f) Knowledge, intent or purpose required as an element of an 

offence set forth in paragraph 1 of this article may be inferred 

from objective factual circumstances. 

c. Pertanggungjawaban pidana (Article 10 Liability of legal persons) : 

Article 10 

(1) Each State Party shall adopt such measures as may be necessary, 

consistent with its legal principles, to establish the liability of legal 

persons for participation in serious crimes involving an organized 

criminal group and for the offences established in accordance with 

articles 5, 6, 8 and 23 of this Convention. 

(2) Subject to the legal principles of the State Party, the liability of legal 

persons may be criminal, civil or administrative.  

(3) Such liability shall be without prejudice to the criminal liability of 

the natural persons who have committed the offences. 

(4) Each State Party shall, in particular, ensure that legal persons held 

liable in accordance with this article are subject to effective, 

proportionate and dissuasive criminal or non-criminal sanctions, 

including monetary sanctions.  

d. Pemidanaan (Article 11 Prosecution, Adjudication, and sanctions) : 

 

Article 11 

(1) Each State Party shall make the commission of an offence 

established in accordance with articles 5, 6, 8 and 23 of this 

Convention liable to sanctions that take into account the gravity of 

that offence. 

(6) Nothing contained in this Convention shall affect the principle that 

the description of the offences established in accordance with this 

Convention and of the applicable legal defences or other legal 

principles controlling the lawfulness of conduct is reserved to the 

domestic law of a State Party and that such offences shall be 

prosecuted and punished in accordance with that law. 

berdasar  pengaturan   dalam United Nations Convention Against 

Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988 kaidah-

kaidah yang diadopsi dalam UNDANG-UNDANG Tindak Pidana 

Pencucian Uang yaitu  mengenai perbuatan-perbuatan yang dikriminalisasi 

menjadi tindak pidana pencucian uang sebagai implementasi dari ketentuan 

Article 3 (1) UN Convention ini . Demikian juga dengan ketentuan 

Article 6 (1) Palermo Convention yang mengatur norma yang sama dengan 

Article 3 (1) United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic 

Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988 yaitu agar negara pihak  

melakukan kriminalisasi tindak pidana pencucian uang dalam hukum 

nasionalnya. Disamping itu dalam Palermo Convention 2000 dirumuskan 

mengenai  perlu adanya pemidanaan pada  tindak pidana pencucian uang 

sebagaimana diatur dalam Article 11 (6). Perumusan sistem sanksi dalam 

UNDANG-UNDANG Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang tidak didasarkan 

pada Konvensi sebab  tidak mengatur sistem sanksi (pidana) namun  

didasarkan pada sistem pemidanaan yang berlaku di Indonesia.  

Pengaturan mengenai tindak pidana pencucian uang juga ada  

dalam United Nations Convention Against Corruption, 2003 (UNCAC), 

yaitu : 

a. Pengertian :  

Article 2 Use of Terms : 

(e) “Proceeds of crime” shall mean any property derived from or 

obtained, directly or indirectly, through the commission of an 

offence; 

(f)“Freezing” or “seizure” shall mean temporarily prohibiting the 

transfer, conversion, disposition or movement of property or 

temporarily assuming custody or control of property on the basis of 

an order issued by a court or other competent authority; 

(g) “Confiscation”, which includes forfeiture where applicable, shall 

mean the permanent deprivation of property by order of a court or 

other competent authority; 

(h) “Predicate offence” shall mean any offence as a result of which 

proceeds have been generated that may become the subject of an 

offence as defined in article 23 of this Convention;  

b.Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang :  

Article 23 Laundering of Proceeds of Crime : 

1.  Each State Party shall adopt, in accordance with fundamental 

principles of its domestic law, such legislative and other measures as 

may be necessary to establish as criminal offences, when committed 

intentionally:  

(a) (i) The conversion or transfer of property, knowing that such 

property is the proceeds of crime, for the purpose of 

concealing or disguising the illicit origin of the property or 

of helping any person who is involved in the commission of 

the predicate offence to evade the legal consequences of his 

or her action;  

(ii) The concealment or disguise of the true nature, source, 

location, disposition, movement or ownership of or rights 

with respect to property, knowing that such property is the 

proceeds of crime;  

(b) Subject to the basic concepts of its legal system:  

(i) The acquisition, possession or use of property, knowing, at 

the time of receipt, that such property is the proceeds of 

crime;  

(ii) Participation in, association with or conspiracy to commit, 

attempts to commit and aiding, abetting, facilitating and 

counselling the commission of any of the offences 

established in accordance with this article.  

2. For purposes of implementing or applying paragraph 1 of this article:  

(a) Each State Party shall seek to apply paragraph 1 of this article to 

the widest range of predicate offences;  

(b) Each State Party shall include as predicate offences at a 

minimum a comprehensive range of criminal offences 

established in accordance with this Convention;  

(c) For the purposes of subparagraph (b) above, predicate offences 

shall include offences committed both within and outside the 

jurisdiction of the State Party in question. However, offences 

committed outside the jurisdiction of a State Party shall 

constitute predicate offences only when the relevant conduct is a 

criminal offence under the domestic law of the State where it is 

committed and would be a criminal offence under the domestic 

law of the State Party implementing or applying this article had 

it been committed there;  

(d) Each State Party shall furnish copies of its laws that give effect 

to this article and of any subsequent changes to such laws or a 

description thereof to the Secretary-General of the United 

Nations; 

(e) If required by fundamental principles of the domestic law of a 

State Party, it may be provided that the offences set forth in 

paragraph 1 of this article do not apply to the persons who 

committed the predicate offence.  

Article 24  

Concealment 

Without prejudice to the provisions of article 23 of this Convention, 

each State Party shall consider adopting such legislative and other 

measures as may be necessary to establish as a criminal offence, when 

committed intentionally after the commission of any of the offences 

established in accordance with this Convention without having 

participated in such offences, the concealment or continued retention of 

property when the person involved knows that such property is the 

result of any of the offences established in accordance with this 

Convention.   

c) Undang-undang No. 5 Tahun 1997 tentang Psikotropika 

Undang-undang Psikotropika merupakan undang-undang  pelaksana dari 

ratifikasi  Convention on   Psychotropic Substances, 1971 (Konvensi   

Psikotropika, 1971) melalui Undang-undang No. 8 Tahun 1996 sebagaimana 

dinyatakan dalam konsiderans mengingat angka 3. Undang-undang 

Psikotropika juga mengadopsi kaidah-kaidah dalam United Nations 

Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic 

Substances, 1988 yang menyempurnakan Convention on   Psychotropic 

Substances, 1971, walaupun  baru diratifikasi sesudah  diundangkannya 

Undang-undang Psikotropika, yaitu melalui Undang-undang No. 7 Tahun 

1997. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari Penjelasan Umum Undang-undang 

Psikotropika yang merujuk pada   Konvensi Narkotika dan Psikotropika 

ini .  

Kaidah-kaidah  yang diatur  dalam Convention on   Psychotropic Substances, 

1971 yaitu  : 

c. Pengertian : 

Article 1 Use of Terms : 

(e) “Psychotropic substance” means any substance, natural or synthetic, 

or any natural material in Schedule I, II, III or IV.  

Bahan-bahan psikotropika  yang  termasuk Schedule I yaitu:  

Brolamfetamine DOB, Cathinone, DET, DMA, DMHP, DMT, 

DOET, Eticyclidine, PCE, Etryptamine, LSD, LSD-25, MDMA, 

Mescaline, Methylaminores, MMDA, N-Ethyl MDA, N-Hydroxy 

MDA, Parahexyl, PMA, Psilocine, Psilotsin, Psilocybine, 

Rolicyclidine, PHP, PCPY, STP, DOM, Tenamfetamine MDA, 

Tenocyclidine, TCP,  Tetrahydrocannabinol, TMA. 

Bahan-bahan psikotropika  yang  termasuk Schedule II yaitu:  

Amfetamine, Dexamfetamine, Fenetylline, Levamfetamine, 

Levomethamphetamine, Mecloqualone, Metamfetamine, 

Metamfetamine, Racemate, Methaqualone, Methylphenidate, 

Phencyclidine, Phenmetrazine, Secobarbital, Dronabinol, Zepiprol. 

Bahan-bahan psikotropika  yang  termasuk Schedule III antara lain: 

Amobarbital, Buprenorphine, Butalbital, Cathine, Cyclobarbital, 

Flunitrazepam, Glutethimide, Pentazocine, Pentobarbital. 

Bahan-bahan psikotropika  yang  termasuk Schedule IV yaitu: 

Allobarbital, Alprazolam, Amfepramone, Aminorex, Barbital, 

Benzfetamine, Bromazepam, Butobarbital, Brotizolam, Camazepam, 

Chlordiazepoxide, Clobazam, Clonazepam, Clorazepate, Clotiazepam, 

Cloxazolam, Delorazepam, Diazepam, Estazolam, Ethchlorvynol, 

Ethinamate, Ethyl, Loflazepate, Etil, Amfetamine, Fencamfamin, 

Fenproporex, Fludiazepam, Flurazepam, Halazepam, Haloxazolam, 

Ketazolam, Lefetamine, Spa, Loprazolam, Lorazepam, 

Lormetazepam, Mazindol, Medazepam, Mefenorex, Meprobamate, 

Mesocarb, Methylphenobarbital, Methyprylon 

(i) “Manufacture” means all processes by which psychotropic substances 

may be obtained, and includes refining as well as the transformation 

of psychotropic substances into other psychotropic substances. The 

term also includes the making of preparations other than those made 

on prescription in pharmacies.  

j) “Illicit traffic” means manufacture of or trafficking in psychotropic 

substances contrary to the provisions of this Convention.  

 b. Pengaturan  mengenai kriminalisasi tindak  pidana dan pemidanaan: 

Article 22 Penal Provisions  : 

1. a) Subject to its constitutional limitations, each Party shall treat as a 

punishable offence, when committed intentionally, any action 

contrary to a law or regulation adopted in pursuance of its obligations 

under this Convention, and shall ensure that serious offences shall be 

liable to adequate punishment, particularly by imprisonment or other 

penalty of deprivation of liberty.  

2.  Subject to the constitutional limitations of a Party, its legal system and 

domestic law,  

a) i) If a series of related actions constituting offences under 

paragraph 1 has been committed in different countries, each of them 

shall be treated as a distinct offence;  

a) ii) Intentional participation in, conspiracy to commit and attempts 

to commit, any of such offences, and preparatory acts and financial 

operations in connexion with the offences referred to in this article, 

shall be punishable offences as provided in paragraph 1;  

a) iii) Foreign convictions for such offences shall be taken into 

account for the purpose of establishing recidivism;  

c.  Pengaturan  mengenai tindakan alternatif  lainnya : 

Article 22 Penal Provisions : 

1. b) Notwithstanding the preceding sub-paragraph, when abusers of 

psychotropic substances have committed such offences, the Parties may 

provide, either as an alternative to conviction or punishment or in addition 

to punishment, that such abusers undergo measures of treatment, 

education, after-care, rehabilitation and social reintegration in conformity 

with paragraph 1 of article 20.  

 d. Pengaturan mengenai jurisdiksi dan ekstradisi: 

Article 22 Penal Provisions : 

2. a)  iv) Serious offences heretofore referred to committed either by 

nationals or by foreigners shall be prosecuted by the Party in whose 

territory the offence was committed, or by the Party in whose territory the 

offender is found if extradition is not acceptable in conformity with the 

law of the Party to which application is made, and if such offender has not 

already been prosecuted and judgement given.  

2. b) It is desirable that the offences referred to in paragraph 1 and 

paragraph 2 a) ii) be included as extradition crimes in any extradition 

treaty which has been or may hereafter be concluded between any of the 

Parties, and, as between any of the Parties which do not make extradition 

conditional on the existence of a treaty or on reciprocity, be recognized as 

extradition crimes; provided that extradition shall be granted in 

conformity with the law of the Party to which application is made, and 

that the Party shall have the right to refuse to effect the arrest or grant the 

extradition in cases where the competent authorities consider that the 

offence is not sufficiently serious.  

e.   Pengaturan mengenai penyitaan : 

Article 22 Penal Provisions : 

3. Any psychotropic substance or other substance, as well as any 

equipment, used in or intended for the commission of any of the offences 

referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be liable to seizure and 

confiscation.  

Dalam United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic 

Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988  diatur kaidah-kaidah sebagai 

berikut  : 

a. Pengertian  : 

Article 1 Definitions : 

(j) "1971 Convention" means the Convention on Psychotropic 

Substances, 1971;  

(m) "Illicit traffic" means the offences set forth in article 3, paragraphs 1 

and 2, of this Convention; 

(r) "Psychotropic substance" means any substance, natural or synthetic, or 

any natural material in Schedules I, II, III and IV of the Convention 

on Psychotropic Substances, 1971. 

b. Tindak Pidana  : 

Article 3 Offences and Sanctions : 

1.   Each Party shall adopt such measures as may be necessary to establish 

as criminal offences under its domestic law, when committed 

intentionally:  

(a) (i) The production, manufacture, extraction, preparation, offering, 

offering for sale, distribution, sale, delivery on any terms whatsoever, 

brokerage, dispatch, dispatch in transit, transport, importation or 

exportation of any narcotic drug or any psychotropic substance 

contrary to the provisions of the 1961 Convention, the 1961 

Convention as amended or the 1971 Convention; 

(ii) The cultivation of opium poppy, coca bush or cannabis plant for 

the purpose of the production of narcotic drugs contrary to the 

provisions of the 1961 Convention and the 1961 Convention as 

amended;  

(iii) The possession or purchase of any narcotic drug or psychotropic 

substance for the purpose of any of the activities enumerated in (i) 

above; 

(iv) The manufacture, transport or distribution of equipment, materials 

or of substances listed in Table I and Table II, knowing that they are 

to be used in or for the illicit cultivation, production or manufacture of 

narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances;  

(v) The organization, management or financing of any of the offences 

enumerated in (i), (ii), (iii) or (iv) above 

(c) Subject to its constitutional principles and the basic concepts of its 

legal system:  

(i) The acquisition, possession or use of property, knowing, at the 

time of receipt, that such property was derived from an offence or 

offences established in accordance with subparagraph (a) of this 

paragraph or from an act of participation in such offence or offences;  

(ii) The possession of equipment or materials or substances listed in 

Table I and Table II, knowing that they are being or are to be used in 

or for the illicit cultivation, production or manufacture of narcotic 

drugs or psychotropic substances;  

(iii) Publicly inciting or inducing others, by any means, to commit any 

of the offences established in accordance with this article or to use 

narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances illicitly;  

(iv) Participation in, association or conspiracy to commit, attempts to 

commit and aiding, abetting, facilitating and counselling the 

commission of any of the offences established in accordance with this 

article.  

2.  Subject to its constitutional principles and the basic concepts of its 

legal system, each Party shall adopt such measures as may be 

necessary to establish as a criminal offence under its domestic law, 

when committed intentionally, the possession, purchase or cultivation 

of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances for personal 

consumption contrary to the provisions of the 1961 Convention, the 

1961 Convention as amended or the 1971 Convention.  

3.  Knowledge, intent or purpose required as an element of an offence set 

forth in paragraph 1 of this article may be inferred from objective 

factual circumstances 

c. Tindakan lainnya sebagai pidana tambahan atau alternatif : 

Article 3 Offences and Sanctions paragraph 4  : 

(b) The Parties may provide, in addition to conviction or punishment, for 

an offence established in accordance with paragraph 1 of this article, that 

the offender shall undergo measures such as treatment, education, 

aftercare, rehabilitation or social reintegration.  

(c) Notwithstanding the preceding subparagraphs, in appropriate cases of 

a minor nature, the Parties may provide, as alternatives to conviction or 

punishment, measures such as education, rehabilitation or social 

reintegration, as well as, when the offender is a drug abuser, treatment 

and aftercare.  

(d) The Parties may provide, either as an alternative to conviction or 

punishment, or in addition to conviction or punishment of an offence 

established in accordance with paragraph 2 of this article, measures for 

the treatment, education, aftercare, rehabilitation or social reintegration of 

the offender.  

d. Pemidanaan  

Article 3  Offences and Sanctions, paragraph 4 : 

(a) Each Party shall make the commission of the offences established in 

accordance with paragraph 1 of this article liable to sanctions which take 

into account the grave nature of these offences, such as imprisonment or 

other forms of deprivation of liberty, pecuniary sanctions and confiscation 

e. Jurisdiksi : 

Article 3 paragraph 5 : 

The Parties shall ensure that their courts and other competent authorities 

having jurisdiction can take into account factual circumstances which 

make the commission of the offences established in accordance with 

paragraph 1 of this article particularly serious, such as:  

(a) The involvement in the offence of an organized criminal group to 

which the offender belongs; (b) The involvement of the offender in other 

international organized criminal activities; (c) The involvement of the 

offender in other illegal activities facilitated by commission of the 

offence; (d) The use of violence or arms by the offender; (e) The fact that 

the offender holds a public office and that the offence is connected with 

the office in question; (f) The victimization or use of minors; (g) The fact 

that the offence is committed in a penal institution or in an educational 

institution or social service facility or in their immediate vicinity or in 

other places to which school children and students resort for educational, 

sports and social activities;  

(h) Prior conviction, particularly for similar offences, whether foreign or 

domestic, to the extent permitted under the domestic law of a Party 

Article 4 Jurisdiction : 

1.   Each Party:  

(a) Shall take such measures as may be necessary to establish its 

jurisdiction over the offences it has established in accordance with 

article 3, paragraph 1, when: (i) The offence is committed in its 

territory; (ii) The offence is committed on board a vessel flying its 

flag or an aircraft which is registered under its laws at the time the 

offence is committed;  

(b) May take such measures as may be necessary to establish its 

jurisdiction over the offences it has established in accordance with 

article 3, paragraph 1, when:  

(i) The offence is committed by one of its nationals or by a person 

who has his habitual residence in its territory;  

(ii) The offence is committed on board a vessel concerning which that 

Party has been authorized to take appropriate action pursuant to article 

17, provided that such jurisdiction shall be exercised only on the basis 

of agreements or arrangements referred to in paragraphs 4 and 9 of 

that article;  

(iii) The offence is one of those established in accordance with article 

3, paragraph 1, subparagraph (c)(iv), and is committed outside its 

territory with a view to the commission, within its territory, of an 

offence established in accordance with article 3, paragraph 1.  

2.   Each Party:  

(a) Shall also take such measures as may be necessary to establish its 

jurisdiction over the offences it has established in accordance with 

article 3, paragraph 1, when the alleged offender is present in its 

territory and it does not extradite him to another Party on the ground:  

(i) That the offence has been committed in its territory or on board a 

vessel flying its flag or an aircraft which was registered under its law 

at the time the offence was committed; or  

(ii) That the offence has been committed by one of its nationals;  

(b) May also take such measures as may be necessary to establish its 

jurisdiction over the offences it has established in accordance with 

article 3, paragraph 1, when the alleged offender is present in its 

territory and it does not extradite him to another Party.  

3.  This Convention does not exclude the exercise of any criminal 

jurisdiction established by a Party in accordance with its domestic 

law.  

f. Penyitaan dan pemusnahan : 

Article 5  Confiscation : 

1. Each Party shall adopt such measures as may be necessary to enable 

confiscation of:  

(a) Proceeds derived from offences established in accordance with 

article 3, paragraph 1, or property the value of which corresponds to 

that of such proceeds;  

(b) Narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, materials and 

equipment or other instrumentalities used in or intended for use in any 

manner in offences established in accordance with article 3, paragraph 

1.  

2. Each Party shall also adopt such measures as may be necessary to 

enable its competent authorities to identify, trace, and freeze or seize 

proceeds, property, instrumentalities or any other things referred to in 

paragraph 1 of this article, for the purpose of eventual confiscation.  

g. Ekstradisi : 

Article 6 Extradition : 

1. This article shall apply to the offences established by the Parties in 

accordance with article 3, paragraph 1.  

2.  Each of the offences to which this article applies shall be deemed to be 

included as an extraditable offence in any extradition treaty existing 

between Parties. The Parties undertake to include such offences as 

extraditable offences in every extradition treaty to be concluded 

between them.  

3.  If a Party which makes extradition conditional on the existence of a 

treaty receives a request for extradition from another Party with which 

it has no extradition treaty, it may consider this Convention as the 

legal basis for extradition in respect of any offence to which this 

article applies. The Parties which require detailed legislation in order 

to use this Convention as a legal basis for extradition shall consider 

enacting such legislation as may be necessary.  

4.  The Parties which do not make extradition conditional on the existence 

of a treaty shall recognize offences to which this article applies as 

extraditable offences between themselves.  

5.  Extradition shall be subject to the conditions provided for by the law 

of the requested Party or by applicable extradition treaties, including 

the grounds upon which the requested Party may refuse extradition.  

6.  In considering requests received pursuant to this article, the requested 

State may refuse to comply with such requests where there are 

substantial grounds leading its judicial or other competent authorities 

to believe that compliance would facilitate the prosecution or 

punishment of any person on account of his race, religion, nationality 

or political opinions, or would cause prejudice for any of those 

reasons to any person affected by the request.  

7. The Parties shall endeavour to expedite extradition procedures and to 

simplify evidentiary requirements relating thereto in respect of any 

offence to which this article applies.  

8.  Subject to the provisions of its domestic law and its extradition 

treaties, the requested Party may, upon being satisfied that the 

circumstances so warrant and are urgent, and at the request of the 

requesting Party, take a person whose extradition is sought and who is 

present in its territory into custody or take other appropriate measures 

to ensure his presence at extradition proceedings.  

9.  Without prejudice to the exercise of any criminal jurisdiction 

established in accordance with its domestic law, a Party in whose 

territory an alleged offender is found shall:  

(a) If it does not extradite him in respect of an offence established in 

accordance with article 3, paragraph 1, on the grounds set forth in 

article 4, paragraph 2, subparagraph (a), submit the case to its 

competent authorities for the purpose of prosecution, unless otherwise 

agreed with the requesting Party;  

(b) If it does not extradite him in respect of such an offence and has 

established its jurisdiction in relation to that offence in accordance 

with article 4, paragraph 2, subparagraph (b), submit the case to its 

competent authorities for the purpose of prosecution, unless otherwise 

requested by the requesting Party for the purposes of preserving its 

legitimate jurisdiction.  

10. If extradition, sought for purposes of enforcing a sentence, is refused 

because the person sought is a national of the requested Party, the 

requested Party shall, if its law so permits and in conformity with the 

requirements of such law, upon application of the requesting Party, 

consider the enforcement of the sentence which has been imposed 

under the law of the requesting Party, or the remainder thereof.  

11. The Parties shall seek to conclude bilateral and multilateral 

agreements to carry out or to enhance the effectiveness of extradition.  

12. The Parties may consider entering into bilateral or multilateral 

agreements, whether ad hoc or general, on the transfer to their country 

of persons sentenced to imprisonment and other forms of deprivation 

of liberty for offences to which this article applies, in order that they 

may complete their sentences there. 

h. Mutual Legal Assistance : 

Article 7 Mutual Legal Assistance : 

1.  The Parties shall afford one another, pursuant to this article, the 

widest measure of mutual legal assistance in investigations, 

prosecutions and judicial proceedings in relation to criminal offences 

established in accordance with article 3, paragraph 1.  

2.  Mutual legal assistance to be afforded in accordance with this article 

may be requested for any of the following purposes: (a) Taking 

evidence or statements from persons; (b) Effecting service of judicial 

documents; (c) Executing searches and seizures; (d) Examining 

objects and sites; (e) Providing information and evidentiary items; (f) 

Providing originals or certified copies of relevant documents and 

records, including bank, financial, corporate or business records; (g) 

Identifying or tracing proceeds, property, instrumentalities or other 

things for evidentiary purposes.  

3. The Parties may afford one another any other forms of mutual legal 

assistance allowed by the domestic law of the requested Party.  

4.  Upon request, the Parties shall facilitate or encourage, to the extent 

consistent wit their domestic law and practice, the presence or 

availability of persons, including persons in custody, who consent to 

assist in investigations or participate in proceedings.  

5.  A Party shall not decline to render mutual legal assistance under this 

article on the ground of bank secrecy.  

6.  The provisions of this article shall not affect the obligations under any 

other treaty, bilateral or multilateral, which governs or will govern, in 

whole or in part, mutual legal assistance in criminal matters.  

7.  Paragraphs 8 to 19 of this article shall apply to requests made 

pursuant to this article if the Parties in question are not bound by a 

treaty of mutual legal assistance. If these Parties are bound by such a 

treaty, the corresponding provisions of that treaty shall apply unless 

the Parties agree to apply paragraphs 8 to 19 of this article in lieu 

thereof.  

8.  Parties shall designate an authority, or when necessary authorities, 

which shall have the responsibility and power to execute requests for 

mutual legal assistance or to transmit them to the competent 

authorities for execution. The authority or the authorities designated 

for this purpose shall be notified to the Secretary-General. 

Transmission of requests for mutual legal assistance and any 

communication related thereto shall be effected between the 

authorities designated by the Parties; this requirement shall be without 

prejudice to the right of a Party to require that such requests and 

communications be addressed to it through the diplomatic channel 

and, in urgent circumstances, where the Parties agree, through 

channels of the International Criminal Police Organization, if 

possible.  

9. Requests shall be made in writing in a language acceptable to the 

requested Party. The language or languages acceptable to each Party 

shall be notified to the Secretary-General. In urgent circumstances, 

and where agreed by the Parties, requests may be made orally, but 

shall be confirmed in writing forthwith.  

10. A request for mutual legal assistance shall contain: (a) The identity of 

the authority making the request; (b) The subject matter and nature of 

the investigation, prosecution or proceeding to which the request 

relates, and the name and the functions of the authority conducting 

such investigation, prosecution or proceeding; (c) A summary of the 

relevant facts, except in respect of requests for the purpose of service 

of judicial documents; (d) A description of the assistance sought and 

details of any particular procedure the requesting Party wishes to be 

followed; (e) Where possible, the identity, location and nationality of 

any person concerned; (f) The purpose for which the evidence, 

information or action is sought.  

11. The requested Party may request additional information when it 

appears necessary for the execution of the request in accordance with 

its domestic law or when it can facilitate such execution.  

12. A request shall be executed in accordance with the domestic law of 

the requested Party and, to the extent not contrary to the domestic law 

of the requested Party and where possible, in accordance with the 

procedures specified in the request.  

13. The requesting Party shall not transmit nor use information or 

evidence furnished by the requested Party for investigations, 

prosecutions or proceedings other than those stated in the request 

without the prior consent of the requested Party.  

14. The requesting Party may require that the requested Party keep 

confidential the fact and substance of the request, except to the extent 

necessary to execute the request. If the requested Party cannot comply 

with the requirement of confidentiality, it shall promptly inform the 

requesting Party.  

15. Mutual legal assistance may be refused: (a) If the request is not made 

in conformity with the provisions of this article; (b) If the requested 

Party considers that execution of the request is likely to prejudice its 

sovereignty, security, ordure public or other essential interests; (c) If 

the authorities of the requested Party would be prohibited by its 

domestic law from carrying out the action requested with regard to 

any similar offence, had it been subject to investigation, prosecution 

or proceedings under their own jurisdiction; (d) If it would be contrary 

to the legal system of the requested Party relating to mutual legal 

assistance for the request to be granted. 

16. Reasons shall be given for any refusal of mutual legal assistance. 

17. Mutual legal assistance may be postponed by the requested Party on 

the ground that it interferes with an ongoing investigation, prosecution 

or proceeding. In such a case, the requested Party shall consult with 

the requesting Party to determine if the assistance can still be given 

subject to such terms and conditions as the requested Party deems 

necessary.  

18. A witness, expert or other person who consents to give evidence in a 

proceeding or to assist in an investigation, prosecution or judicial 

proceeding in the territory of the requesting Party, shall not be 

prosecuted, detained, punished or subjected to any other restriction of 

his personal liberty in that territory in respect of acts, omissions or 

convictions prior to his departure from the territory of the requested 

Party. Such safe conduct shall cease when the witness, expert or other 

person having had, for a period of fifteen consecutive days, or for any 

period agreed upon by the Parties, from the date on which he has been 

officially informed that his presence is no longer required by the 

judicial authorities, an opportunity of leaving, has nevertheless 

remained voluntarily in the territory or, having left it, has returned of 

his own free will.  

19. The ordinary costs of executing a request shall be borne by the 

requested Party, unless otherwise agreed by the Parties concerned. If 

expenses of a substantial or extraordinary nature are or will be 

required to fulfil the request, the Parties shall consult to determine the 

terms and conditions under which the request will be executed as well 

as the manner in which the costs shall be borne.  

20. The Parties shall consider, as may be necessary, the possibility of 

concluding bilateral or multilateral agreements or arrangements that 

would serve the purposes of, give practical effect to, or enhance the 

provisions of this article 

i. Transfer of Proceeding : 

Article 8  Transfer of Proceeding : 

The Parties shall give consideration to the possibility of transferring to 

one another proceedings for criminal prosecution of offences established 

in accordance with article 3, paragraph 1, in cases where such transfer is 

considered to be in the interests of a proper administration of justice. 

d) Undang-undang No. 22 Tahun 1997 tentang Narkotika 

Undang-undang Narkotika 1997 merupakan Undang-undang pelaksana dari 

ratifikasi Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961 melalui Undang-undang 

No. 8 Tahun 1976 tentang Pengesahan Konvensi Tunggal Narkotika 1961 dan 

United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and 

Psychotropic Substances, 1988  melalui Undang-undang No. 7 Tahun 1997, 

sebagaimana dinyatakan dalam Konsiderans Mengingat angka 2 dan 4. 

Konvensi Narkotika dan Psikotropika 1988 menyempurnakan pengaturan 

tindak pidana narkotika yang diatur dalam Konvensi Tunggal Narkotika 1961. 

Berbeda dengan Undang-undang Psikotropika, pembentukan Undang-undang 

Narkotika dilakukan sesudah  ratifikasi Konvensi Narkotika dan Psikotropika 

1988. Sehingga dapat dilihat bahwa Undang-undang Narkotika 1997 

merupakan implementing legislation dari ratifikasi Konvensi Narkotika dan 

Psikotropika 1988 ini . Sebelum diundangkannya Undang-undang 

Narkotika 1997, Indonesia sudah memiliki Undang-undang Narkotika, yaitu 

Undang-undang  No. 9 Tahun 1976 yang merupakan Undang-undang 

pelaksana dari ratifikasi Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961 beserta 

protokol perubahannya dan kemudian dinyatakan tidak berlaku lagi 

berdasar  Undang-undang Narkotika 1997 ini . 

Kaidah-kaidah hukum yang diatur   dalam United Nations Convention 

Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988 

yang menjadi dasar pembentukan Undang-undang Narkotika  sama dengan 

yang diuraikan dalam angka 3 tentang Undang-undang Psikotropika, sebab  

Konvensi ini  mengatur sekaligus baik narkotika maupun  psikotropika.   

e) Undang-undang No. 15 Tahun 2003 tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah 

Pengganti Undang-undang No. 1 Tahun 2002 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak 

Pidana Terorisme menjadi Undang-undang. 

Undang-undang Terorisme tidak dapat dikatakan sebagai undang-undang 

pelaksana atau undang-undang yang mengadopsi kaidah-kaidah hukumnya 

dari perjanjian-perjanjian internasional tentang terorisme yang sudah ada 

sebelumnya, seperti  Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of 

Terrorism 1938, International Convention For the Suppression of Terrorist 

Bombings, 1997 dan International Convention for the Suppression of the 

Financing of Terrorism, 1999. Dilihat dari proses pembentukannya Undang-

undang Terorisme dibentuk sebab  terjadinya kasus Bom Bali dan kaidah-

kaidah hukum pidananya mengacu pada Undang-undang Tindak Pidana 

Penerbangan. Negara Indonesia baru meratifikasi perjanjian internasional 

tentang terorisme pada tahun 2006, yaitu Undang-undang No. 5 Tahun 2006 

tentang Pengesahan International Convention For the Suppression of Terrorist 

Bombings, 1997 (Konvensi Internasional Pemberantasan Pengeboman oleh 

Teroris, 1997) dan Undang-undang No. 6 Tahun 2006 tentang Pengesahan 

International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, 

1999 (Konvensi Internasional Pemberantasan Pendanaan Terorisme, 1999).  

Kaidah-kaidah hukum pidana yang diatur dalam International Convention For 

the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, 1997 antara lain : 

 

a.   Pengertian : 

      Article 1 : 

3. "Explosive or other lethal device" means:  

(a) An explosive or incendiary weapon or device that is designed, or 

has the capability, to cause death, serious bodily injury or substantial 

material damage; or  

(b) A weapon or device that is designed, or has the capability, to cause 

death, serious bodily injury or substantial material damage through the 

release, dissemination or impact of toxic chemicals, biological agents 

or toxins or similar substances or radiation or radioactive material.  

b.   Tindak Pidana :  

      Article 2 : 

1.  Any person commits an offence within the meaning of this Convention 

if that person unlawfully and intentionally delivers, places, discharges 

or detonates an explosive or other lethal device in, into or against a 

place of public use, a State or government facility, a public 

transportation system or an infrastructure facility:  

(a) With the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury; or  

(b) With the intent to cause extensive destruction of such a place, 

facility or system, where such destruction results in or is likely to 

result in major economic loss.  

2.  Any person also commits an offence if that person attempts to commit 

an offence as set forth in paragraph 1 of the present article. 

3.  Any person also commits an offence if that person :  

(a) Participates as an accomplice in an offence as set forth in 

paragraph 1 or 2 of the present article; or  

(b) Organizes or directs others to commit an offence as set forth in 

paragraph 1 or 2 of the present article; or  

(c) In any other way contributes to the commission of one or more 

offences as set forth in paragraph 1 or 2 of the present article by a 

group of persons acting with a common purpose; such contribution 

shall be intentional and either be made with the aim of furthering the 

general criminal activity or purpose of the group or be made in the 

knowledge of the intention of the group to commit the offence or 

offences concerned.  

c.   Kriminalisasi tindak pidana dan pemidanaan : 

      Article 4 : 

Each State Party shall adopt such measures as may be necessary:  

 

(a) To establish as criminal offences under its domestic law the offences 

set forth in article 2 of this Convention;  

(b) To make those offences punishable by appropriate penalties which 

take into account the grave nature of those offences.  

d.   Jurisdiksi : 

      Article 6 : 

1.  Each State Party shall take such measures as may be necessary to 

establish its jurisdiction over the offences set forth in article 2 when:  

(a) The offence is committed in the territory of that State; or  

(b) The offence is committed on board a vessel flying the flag of that 

State or an aircraft which is registered under the laws of that State at 

the time the offence is committed; or  

(c) The offence is committed by a national of that State.  

2.  A State Party may also establish its jurisdiction over any such offence 

when:  

(a) The offence is committed against a national of that State; or  

(b) The offence is committed against a State or government facility of 

that State abroad, including an embassy or other diplomatic or 

consular premises of that State; or  

(c) The offence is committed by a stateless person who has his or her 

habitual residence in the territory of that State; or  

(d) The offence is committed in an attempt to compel that State to do 

or abstain from doing any act; or  

(e) The offence is committed on board an aircraft which is operated by 

the Government of that State. 

 

e. Ekstradisi : 

Article 9 : 

1. The offences set forth in article 2 shall be deemed to be included as 

extraditable offences in any extradition treaty existing between any of 

the States Parties before the entry into force of this Convention